The purpose of this brief review was to highlight the potential mediational role of dendritic spine morphology on the exercise-memory interaction. I first start out delineating the role of dendritic spine density on episodic memory function and then discuss mechanisms involved in spine density alteration. Following this, I discuss the effects that exercise has on dendritic spine density, including its underlying mechanisms. Ultimately, this discussion will provide us with greater insights on the mediating mechanisms through which exercise may influence episodic memory function.

In the earlier classification of diseases, we had the firm decision that psychopathology can be divided into two main groups:
Neurosis and Psychosis. But we are quite convinced that there are blur areas in between that can perfectly be defined as “partialsegmental
psychosis”. In the paper we discussed the topics.

Cerebral palsy is a problem of movement and posture and caused by lesion in immature brain. Normal brain has normal influences on lower centers and normal development in movements and postures. There are different sensory motor approaches like Bobath, Brunnstorm, Rood and PNF (Properioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitations) in recovery of motor function in patients with upper motor neuron lesions. The backgrounds of these treatments can be explained by different theories like neurodevelopmental theory, reflex theory, hierarchical theory and system approach. Repetitions of normal movements generate the new areas in the brain to control the activities. Integration of reflex activity should be essential part of rehabilitation and physical development of children with cerebral palsy.

Psychiatric disorders are often reflected in physical symptoms. However, nearly all physical illnesses are accompanied by mental symptoms. Also, it is generally argued that mental function disorders and stress underlie the etiology of physical illnesses. Although modern science has defined in details all the functions of the body including the brain, some areas are not fully understood yet. Philosophical answers may shed light into those dark areas while trying to understand the entity and human.

Conventional obsessive-compulsive disorder related brain network model relies mainly on cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical areas. However, recent findings consistently point cerebellar structural and functional differences in obsessive-compulsive disorder patients compared to healthy controls. Here we briefly reviewed these studies and argued that cerebellum should be involved in obsessivecompulsive disorder related brain network model for a better understanding of the nature of this disorder.

Autism is a childhood neurodevelopmental disorder that affects 1–2 in 100 children, according to recent data on the broad array of autism spectrum disorders. It is a neurodevelopmental disorder, genetic and environmental factors playing role in autism. Molecular and mechanistic basis of autism started to be enlightened. As a genetic basis of disease, glutamate gene mechanisms supposed to develop a new method for diagnosing and treatment of autism. Aim of this mini-review is to gain a general knowledge about genetic and environmental reasons of autism.

The future of neuroscience needs an innovative outlook on the study of brain by scientists coming from various disciplines and traditions. The field of Mind, Brain, and Education (MBE) is a meeting point for researchers and scientists in psychology, biology, and education. Unlike the one-way information sharing from psychology to education as in educational psychology or from neuroscience to education as in educational neuroscience, MBE is credited with its two-way flow of information between the three fields. The transdisciplinary initiatives between neuroscience, psychology, and education, as in the case of MBE, offer an increased optimism not only for the treatment of biological and neurological diseases but also for the realization of optimal outcomes in effective learning and positive development.

Schizophrenia is a neurodevelopmental brain disease and a severe psychiatric disorder which is seen approximately in 1% of the society. About the half of the individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia have substance abuse story, and this rate is higher than the general population. Alcohol dependence, smoking and substance abuse has been reported very often in schizophrenia. Especially smoking rate is very high in patients with schizophrenia. The aim of this paper is to briefly review the literature related to the relationship between schizophrenia and nicotine-alcohol dependency.

Cerebellar mutism has been a well-known clinical entity that develops in a subset of patients who have undergone resection of posterior fossa tumors. It is characterized by severely diminished or absent speech output as well as other neurological, cognitive, and behavioral impairments. Though increasing numbers of case reports and literature reviews that indicate the cerebellar mutism, the mechanism of occurrence and best therapeutic approaches are not established. This article reviews current status of this devastating complication with respect to epidemiology, anatomical substrate, pathophysiology, risk factors, treatment options, prognosis and prevention.