The common feature of somatoform disorders is the presence of somatic symptoms that cannot be explained by a general medical condition. Pain disorder is also among the somatoform disorders. 
Pain is defined as an unpleasant sensation occuring as a consequence of a disease, injury or an organic pathology. Breuer and Freud, in their studies on hysteria, suggested that pain could be a manifestation of a psychological problem. The lifetime prevalence is not precisely known. In the Turkish mental health study 12 month incidence of pain disorder is found to be % 11.3 among women , % 4.8 among men and % 8.4 in the general population. The cultural diversity of the mental illnesses particularly somatic symptoms is noticed. Traditions and belief systems influence the formation, presentation and the managemant of dissociative and somatoform symptoms. Types of somatic symptoms differ across the cultures. Higher rates of somatic complaints are found in South America, Asia, particularly in developing countries.
The seperation between physical and emotional experience occurs precisely in Western countires. Thus somatic symptoms are rarely seen in Western culture.

Dementia and stroke are the major health problem often occurs in older individuals aged 65 or more. There are many studies confirm that cholesterol might be involved in the pathogenesis of dementia and stroke. Atorvastatin, broadly used to lower cholesterol in coronary heart disease, are viable medications in decreasing the danger of dementia and stroke. Use of atorvastatin for prolonged period seems to be effective for the prevention of dementia and stroke. The objective of this review is to focuses the pharmacological benefit of atorvastatin in dementia and stroke.

Treating monogenic disorders via gene therapy although still considered experimental by some, has becoming a more accepted method lately especially in these last 10 years with a number of recent clinical successes. Genetic modifications are becoming easier to perform with the progressing technology and discovery of new techniques such as the Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-CRISPR associated protein 9 (Cas9) methods which can modify DNA with great ease and accuracy. Gene therapy is a powerful technique with huge potential to treat psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease. Gene therapy is simple in principle, which is corrective genetic material is sent into cells and the disease is cured by ending the problem at its source. Viral and non-viral vectors which are used for the delivery of the desired genes to the targeted cells are briefly listed and explained. Unlike viral vectors non-viral vectors don’t cause an immune response but their pretty low transfer rate makes them rather less interesting for research. Viral vectors of adenoviruses, adeno-associated viruses, retroviruses with its subclass of lentiviruses and herpes viruses are compared with their advantages and disadvantages related to usage in brain and CNS treatment of our topic. Neurotrophic factors (NTFs) have important roles in brain and nervous tissue. Delivering NTFs via viral vectors for treating neurodegenerative diseases is a promising approach. Providing information about principles, methods, hurdles and clinical applications of gene therapy with its historic background to present it with its all basic details and therapeutic effects it can provide to problems related to brain are aimed in this writing.

Deep brain stem lesions have previously been considered unresectable. With the development of tailored skull base approaches, detailed knowledge of topographical anatomy, utilization of intra-operative mapping, identification of safe entry zones, extensive arachnoid dissection, cautious handling of neurovascular structures, modern surgical techniques with minimal compression of brain stem and retractor-less surgery, the resection of these previously unresectable lesions, has become possible. Herewithin, an overall review is provided and illustrative cases are presented with detailed discussion of the technical perspective of each approach and resection.