This review aims to systematically examine the structural, functional, and cognitive differences between male and female brains through neuroscientific findings. The process of sexual differentiation begins prenatally under hormonal influences and continues to be shaped by environmental stimuli after birth. Based on an extensive literature review, the study discusses neuroanatomical structures (e.g., corpus callosum, hippocampus, amygdalae), neural connectivity patterns, and cognitive performance variations. It also explores the influence hormones on neurodevelopmental processes and the relationship between sexbased cognitive tendencies and individual differences. The findings indicate that gender-based distinctions should be interpreted within the framework of functional complementarity and neurodiversity, rather than superiority. Differences between male and female brains arise from a complex interplay of biological and environmental factors. These distinctions should be viewed as part of a broader spectrum of neurodiversity.

Neuroplasticity is a fundamental neuroscientific principle demonstrating that the brain can be structurally and functionally reshaped throughout life via experience, learning, and repetition. This concept plays a critical role in understanding the potential for change at the cognitive, emotional, and behavioral levels. Coaching, on the other hand, is a goal-oriented developmental process that enables individuals to question their current thought patterns, enhance self-awareness, and develop cognitive flexibility. This literaturebased review highlights how elements known to facilitate neuroplasticity-such as attention, emotional arousal, relational interaction, and experiential repetition-are inherently present in the coaching process. It is argued that coaching conversations provide a fertile ground for neuroplastic change, facilitating the formation of new synaptic connections, the weakening of outdated neural pathways, and the restructuring of cognitive maps. In this regard, coaching is proposed not only as a psychosocial intervention but also as a practice with the potential to induce change at the neurobiological level. This study aims to establish a theoretical framework for the intersection between coaching and neuroplasticity, while also offering a foundation for future experimental research in this field.

Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) is characterized by obsessive preoccupation with perceived physical
flaws, often unnoticed by others. This preoccupation causes significant emotional distress, social withdrawal,
and functional impairment. Recent advancements emphasize the importance of integrating neurobiological
and behavioral perspectives in understanding BDD. This review synthesizes findings from
neuroscience and behavioral psychology to examine the brain-behavior relationship in BDD and explores
implications for treatment strategies. A narrative synthesis of current literature, including neuroimaging,
neurochemical studies, and behavioral research, was conducted. Evidence from clinical trials on pharmacological
treatments, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and neuromodulation techniques was analyzed.
Neuroimaging studies reveal hyperactivity in the orbitofrontal cortex, amygdala, and fusiform gyrus, contributing
to obsessive thoughts, heightened emotional responses, and distorted visual processing. Neurochemical
imbalances, particularly in serotonin, dopamine, and gamma-aminobutyric acid systems, perpetuate
cognitive distortions and compulsive behaviors. Cognitive patterns, including selective attention to
perceived flaws, catastrophic thinking, and overestimation of others’ judgments, interact with maladaptive
behaviors such as mirror checking, avoidance, and reassurance-seeking. Integrated treatments, including
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and transcranial magnetic stimulation,
address these interconnected mechanisms effectively. BDD arises from a complex interaction between
neurobiological dysfunction, cognitive distortions, and maladaptive behaviors. Effective treatment
requires a multidisciplinary approach targeting these domains. Future research should focus on longitudinal
brain plasticity studies, sex differences, and optimized neuromodulation protocols to enhance therapeutic
outcomes and personalized interventions.