Aim: The glymphatic system is a recently discovered waste drainage system that facilitates the movement of cerebrospinal fluid through the brain’s perivascular spaces and aids in removing soluble proteins. The Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI-ALPS) index analysis is a modern method used to evaluate the movement of water molecules in these spaces by measuring the diffusion coefficient. This study aimed to examine glymphatic system function in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients compared to healthy controls (HC) using the DTI-ALPS method and to analyze its relationship with cognitive disorders. Methods:DTI data from 59 AD patients and 59 HC were obtained by downloading medical data from the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) platform. Using DSI Studio software, the diffusivities of the DTI data were extracted, and DTI-ALPS indices were calculated. Correlation analysis evaluated the relationship between the DTI-ALPS index and clinical features. Results:The findings indicated that the DTI-ALPS index was significantly lower in AD patients compared to HC (p = 0.042). Furthermore, the DTI-ALPS index showed a significant correlation with the Functional Activities Questionnaire (FAQ) (r = -0.214, p = 0.020) and the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) (r = 0.225, p = 0.014). Conclusions:The study demonstrated that AD individuals have impaired glymphatic system function, as indicated by the DTIALPS index, which correlates with worse cognitive performance. These findings support early diagnosis methods for AD. A better understanding of glymphatic system function may provide new perspectives for monitoring AD progression.

This review aims to systematically examine the structural, functional, and cognitive differences between male and female brains through neuroscientific findings. The process of sexual differentiation begins prenatally under hormonal influences and continues to be shaped by environmental stimuli after birth. Based on an extensive literature review, the study discusses neuroanatomical structures (e.g., corpus callosum, hippocampus, amygdalae), neural connectivity patterns, and cognitive performance variations. It also explores the influence hormones on neurodevelopmental processes and the relationship between sexbased cognitive tendencies and individual differences. The findings indicate that gender-based distinctions should be interpreted within the framework of functional complementarity and neurodiversity, rather than superiority. Differences between male and female brains arise from a complex interplay of biological and environmental factors. These distinctions should be viewed as part of a broader spectrum of neurodiversity.

Neuroplasticity is a fundamental neuroscientific principle demonstrating that the brain can be structurally and functionally reshaped throughout life via experience, learning, and repetition. This concept plays a critical role in understanding the potential for change at the cognitive, emotional, and behavioral levels. Coaching, on the other hand, is a goal-oriented developmental process that enables individuals to question their current thought patterns, enhance self-awareness, and develop cognitive flexibility. This literaturebased review highlights how elements known to facilitate neuroplasticity-such as attention, emotional arousal, relational interaction, and experiential repetition-are inherently present in the coaching process. It is argued that coaching conversations provide a fertile ground for neuroplastic change, facilitating the formation of new synaptic connections, the weakening of outdated neural pathways, and the restructuring of cognitive maps. In this regard, coaching is proposed not only as a psychosocial intervention but also as a practice with the potential to induce change at the neurobiological level. This study aims to establish a theoretical framework for the intersection between coaching and neuroplasticity, while also offering a foundation for future experimental research in this field.

Aim: This study aimed to enhance conscious awareness of respiratory control in panic disorder patients to prevent panic attacks. Materials and Method: Thirty participants (aged 18–65) diagnosed with panic disorder were recruited from NP Istanbul Brain Hospital and NP Istanbul Medical Center. They were divided into two groups: one received only psychoeducation on breathing techniques, while the other received psychoeducation combined with visual biofeedback (Galvanic Skin Resistance, heart rate, respiratory depth, and skin temperature). Breathing training was conducted over four weeks, and outcomes were assessed using the Panic Agoraphobia Scale, State and Trait Anxiety Scale, and biofeedback metrics. Result: Both groups showed significant improvements in Panic Agoraphobia Scale scores and reductions in State and Trait Anxiety scores. The biofeedback group demonstrated more pronounced improvements in respiratory control, with significantly lower breathing rates in the final assessment. Conclusion: Respiratory biofeedback combined with psychoeducation effectively improves respiratory control and reduces anxiety symptoms in panic disorder patients.

Aim: Social anxiety is a prevalent concern during emerging adulthood and is often associated with heightened sensitivity to rejection and negative self-perceptions. This study examines the mediating role of body image in the relationship between rejection sensitivity and social anxiety among emerging adults. Materials and Methods: A total of 300 participants aged 18-29 completed measures assessing rejection sensitivity, body image, and social anxiety. Results: Findings suggest that individuals with high rejection sensitivity are more likely to experience negative body image, which in turn increases their levels of social anxiety. Body image emerged as a significant mediator, indicating that emerging adults who are more sensitive to social rejection may internalize these experiences as negative self-evaluations, particularly regarding their physical appearance. Conclusion: These findings highlight the importance of addressing body image concerns in interventions aimed at reducing social anxiety, particularly for individuals prone to rejection sensitivity. Understanding this mediation pathway may provide insights for developing more targeted approaches to support mental health during the transition to adulthood.

Aim: Parental childhood traumas significantly influence their parenting styles. This study examines the relationship between childhood neglect and abuse experienced by Generation Y parents and their parental attitudes. Materials and Method: A total of 106 participants (60 women, 46 men) aged 25–40 years completed the Sociodemographic Information Form, Parental Attitude Scale (PAS), and Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). Data collection was conducted online following ethical approval. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 24.0. Results: Emotional abuse and neglect were positively correlated with authoritarian and permissive parental attitudes. Conversely, a negative correlation was observed between emotional neglect and democratic attitudes. Income level, marital status, and self-harm history significantly influenced CTQ and PAS scores, with authoritarian attitudes being higher in women and younger parents. Conclusions: Childhood traumas are intergenerational and extend beyond individual experiences, influencing societal structures. Addressing trauma requires holistic community interventions. Future studies should expand on how unresolved parental traumas shape generational outcomes.

Aim: Resting-state gamma oscillations, less studied compared to task-related gamma activity, have increasingly been considered to reflect baseline cognitive processes and readiness for future cognitive demands. Previous research has largely focused on clinical populations, identifying aberrant gamma activity as a marker of cognitive dysfunction in conditions such as schizophrenia, Alzheimer’s disease, and ADHD. This study investigates the relationship between resting-state EEG gamma power and neuropsychological performance in healthy adults. Specifically, it examines the associations between absolute and relative gamma power across different brain regions (frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital) during resting-state and performance in cognitive domains such as working memory, verbal fluency, face recognition, short-term memory, and attention. Material and Methods: A total of 45 healthy individuals who underwent routine neuropsychiatric evaluations at NP Istanbul Brain Hospital and exhibited no pathological findings were included in the study. Resting-state EEG data, collected retrospectively, were analyzed to extract gamma power values, which were subsequently correlated with neuropsychological test scores. Results: The results revealed significant positive correlations between relative gamma power in the frontal and parietal regions and verbal fluency performance. This association suggests that specific brain regions contribute uniquely to cognitive functions during resting states, with gamma power providing insight into the neural substrates of language-related abilities. Conclusion: These findings highlight the relevance of resting-state gamma power in understanding individual differences in cognitive abilities. Future research should validate these findings with larger, more diverse samples and incorporate advanced techniques like MEG to better understand the neural mechanisms linking gamma oscillations to cognitive performance.

Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) is characterized by obsessive preoccupation with perceived physical
flaws, often unnoticed by others. This preoccupation causes significant emotional distress, social withdrawal,
and functional impairment. Recent advancements emphasize the importance of integrating neurobiological
and behavioral perspectives in understanding BDD. This review synthesizes findings from
neuroscience and behavioral psychology to examine the brain-behavior relationship in BDD and explores
implications for treatment strategies. A narrative synthesis of current literature, including neuroimaging,
neurochemical studies, and behavioral research, was conducted. Evidence from clinical trials on pharmacological
treatments, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and neuromodulation techniques was analyzed.
Neuroimaging studies reveal hyperactivity in the orbitofrontal cortex, amygdala, and fusiform gyrus, contributing
to obsessive thoughts, heightened emotional responses, and distorted visual processing. Neurochemical
imbalances, particularly in serotonin, dopamine, and gamma-aminobutyric acid systems, perpetuate
cognitive distortions and compulsive behaviors. Cognitive patterns, including selective attention to
perceived flaws, catastrophic thinking, and overestimation of others’ judgments, interact with maladaptive
behaviors such as mirror checking, avoidance, and reassurance-seeking. Integrated treatments, including
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and transcranial magnetic stimulation,
address these interconnected mechanisms effectively. BDD arises from a complex interaction between
neurobiological dysfunction, cognitive distortions, and maladaptive behaviors. Effective treatment
requires a multidisciplinary approach targeting these domains. Future research should focus on longitudinal
brain plasticity studies, sex differences, and optimized neuromodulation protocols to enhance therapeutic
outcomes and personalized interventions.

Dear Editor, Nightmare disorder is a mental health condition characterized by repeated occurrences of extended, well-remembered, dysphoric dreams, often involving themes of threat, that result in awakening from sleep and significant distress and impairment1 . A typical sleep occurs in two phases namely rapid eye movement stage (REM) and nonrapid eye movement stage (NREM), nightmares usually occur during REM stage of sleep cycle when brain activity nears the level of that when an individual is awake causing the experience to feel real. Research points to factors such as traumatic experiences, childhood adversities, suppression of thoughts, maladaptive beliefs, other medical conditions such as sleep apnea2. Though research points to multiple reasons for occurrence of nightmares, Spoormaker’s cognitive model explains persistence of nightmares due to formation of nightmare scripts, the repeated elements in nightmares form structures patterns in dreamers experience. The scripts contain specific expected responses that get activated to dream elements, the cycle continues even after the original stressor fades

Dear Editor,
Infertility in women is defined as the inability
to conceive after a year of regular, unprotected
sexual activity 1 .While technological advancements
offer various medical interventions for
treatment, infertility can stem from issues with
ovulation, the uterus, fallopian tubes, or abdominal
factors. Sometimes, the cause remains
elusive despite thorough testing. However, infertility
isn’t solely a biological issue; adverse
childhood experiences (ACE) also play a role.
ACE encompass stressful or traumatic events
during the first 18 years of life, such as domestic
violence, substance abuse, parental mental
illness, divorce, or incarceration, which can impact
fertility beyond mere physiological factors.