Specific serotonin reuptake inhibitors have been associated with extrapyramidal dysfunction manifesting as parkinsonism, dystonia, tremor, and akathisia. Here, we describe a old female patient with a diagnosis of moderate depressive episode who developed tremor with sertraline in the absence of concurrent prescription of medications, which have potential action on the dopaminergic system and whose symptoms resolved after the drug was discontinued.

This single-subject study studied the ability of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to discern normal visual condition compared to feigned visual loss and induced-refractive blur condition. Under the normal binocular vision condition, activation of the parieto-occipital area reflected normal patterns of blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) signals in the visual pathway. During the feigned/functional visual loss and refractive-induced blur condition, there was hypoactivation in the parieto-occipital visual pathway. This study showed that the subject could strongly influence the fMRI results, thus, further investigation and protocol refinement are needed to maximize the ability of fMRI to reliably serve as a clinical diagnostic tool in individual functional patients.

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Physical exercise plays a substantial role in maintaining our heath. In the molecular level, physical exercise induces the release of neurotransmitter, such as serotonin. Lack of serotonin could lead to stress or depression condition. We assumed that physical exercise could increase serotonin level in the brain. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of anaerobic and aerobic exercise toward serotonin level in male Wistar rat brain tissue. Twenty-eight male Wistar rats were divided into seven groups consist of control; 1x, 3x, 7x of aerobic exercise; and 1x, 3x, 7x of anaerobic exercise which conducted in a week. A rat treadmill was used at speed 35 m/min during 20 min for anaerobic exercise, and it was used at speed 20 m/min during 30 min for aerobic exercise. Serotonin level was measured using ST/5-HT (Serotonin/5-Hydroxytryptamine) ELISA Kit. Significant differences between treatments were tested by ANOVA (α = 5%). In contrast, both of anaerobic and aerobic exercise had lower serotonin level than the control. 

Cerebral blood vessels are vital in supplying brain in both human and animals. Any anomaly by rupture or interruption of blood flow may lead to fatal consequences. Dichlorvos is a volatile organophosphate that forms the active ingredient of locally formulated insecticide and pesticide known as Otapiapia or Madarar piapia. It is an anti-acetylcholinestrase that binds irreversibly to acetylcholinesterase and leads to its inhibition. The study aims to determine the effects of dichlorvos on the histology of the cerebral vessels in adult wistar rats. Twenty five apparently healthy adult wistar rats were randomly selected and divided into five groups. The first two groups were used as control while the last three groups were exposed to graded doses of dichlorvos in ethanol solution and experimented for twenty eight days. Twenty four hours after the last exposure the animals were sacrificed and the brain tissues were collected for routine histological technique. The relative brain weights of all the animals were determined and one – way ANOVA was conducted to compare the mean of the control with the treated groups. There was no statistically significant difference [F = 0.88, p = 0.49] in the mean brain weights of the controls and the treated groups. The H&E stain of the treated groups showed variable degrees of perivascular oedema, pyknosis and apoptosis. Prolong use of dichlorvos could cause cerebral vascular changes in the histoarchitecture such as perivascular oedema and apoptosis, may not affect the brain weight.

The common feature of somatoform disorders is the presence of somatic symptoms that cannot be explained by a general medical condition. Pain disorder is also among the somatoform disorders. 
Pain is defined as an unpleasant sensation occuring as a consequence of a disease, injury or an organic pathology. Breuer and Freud, in their studies on hysteria, suggested that pain could be a manifestation of a psychological problem. The lifetime prevalence is not precisely known. In the Turkish mental health study 12 month incidence of pain disorder is found to be % 11.3 among women , % 4.8 among men and % 8.4 in the general population. The cultural diversity of the mental illnesses particularly somatic symptoms is noticed. Traditions and belief systems influence the formation, presentation and the managemant of dissociative and somatoform symptoms. Types of somatic symptoms differ across the cultures. Higher rates of somatic complaints are found in South America, Asia, particularly in developing countries.
The seperation between physical and emotional experience occurs precisely in Western countires. Thus somatic symptoms are rarely seen in Western culture.

Dementia and stroke are the major health problem often occurs in older individuals aged 65 or more. There are many studies confirm that cholesterol might be involved in the pathogenesis of dementia and stroke. Atorvastatin, broadly used to lower cholesterol in coronary heart disease, are viable medications in decreasing the danger of dementia and stroke. Use of atorvastatin for prolonged period seems to be effective for the prevention of dementia and stroke. The objective of this review is to focuses the pharmacological benefit of atorvastatin in dementia and stroke.

Treating monogenic disorders via gene therapy although still considered experimental by some, has becoming a more accepted method lately especially in these last 10 years with a number of recent clinical successes. Genetic modifications are becoming easier to perform with the progressing technology and discovery of new techniques such as the Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-CRISPR associated protein 9 (Cas9) methods which can modify DNA with great ease and accuracy. Gene therapy is a powerful technique with huge potential to treat psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease. Gene therapy is simple in principle, which is corrective genetic material is sent into cells and the disease is cured by ending the problem at its source. Viral and non-viral vectors which are used for the delivery of the desired genes to the targeted cells are briefly listed and explained. Unlike viral vectors non-viral vectors don’t cause an immune response but their pretty low transfer rate makes them rather less interesting for research. Viral vectors of adenoviruses, adeno-associated viruses, retroviruses with its subclass of lentiviruses and herpes viruses are compared with their advantages and disadvantages related to usage in brain and CNS treatment of our topic. Neurotrophic factors (NTFs) have important roles in brain and nervous tissue. Delivering NTFs via viral vectors for treating neurodegenerative diseases is a promising approach. Providing information about principles, methods, hurdles and clinical applications of gene therapy with its historic background to present it with its all basic details and therapeutic effects it can provide to problems related to brain are aimed in this writing.

Despite the advancements in neurosciences, there are still, only a few Personality Theories, making use of neuropsychology. In the present paper, we tried to propose a NeuroAnatomoPhysiological approach to the “Formation and Expression” of Personality and Pschopatology and discussed the possibility of formation of a new study area.