Trichotillomania is a chronic mental disorder characterized by recurrent hair-pulling. Hoarding, excoriation and trichotillomania are classified as obsessive-compulsive related disorders in DSM-5, which share similar clinical presentations, characterized by inappropriate and excessive repetitive behaviors and dysregulation of inhibitory control processes. Research evidence suggests that abnormalities in the cortico-striato-thalamic-cortical circuits are one of the key factors underlying the pathophysiology of obsessivecompulsive related disorders, including trichotillomania. Glutamate is the primary neurotransmitter within the cortico-striato-thalamiccortical circuits. Therefore, the use of glutamate-modulating agents is subject to interest for obsessive-compulsive related disorders. N-acetylcysteine, a derivate of the amino acid L-cysteine, has been explored as potential therapy for obsessive-compulsive related disorders, including trichotillomania. Pharmacotherapies that target the prefrontal glutamatergic system, such as N-acetylcysteine, may correct the underlying pathophysiologic abnormalities and symptoms of trichotillomania. Even a limited number of studies are suggesting that N-acetylcysteine is a promising treatment option, these studies did not assess treatment effects exceeding 3-4 months treatment period. Longer term effects of N-acetylcysteine therapy in trichotillomania require further evaluation.

In this article, has been discussed the characteristics that make knowledge unforgettable. The attention has been attracted to the role of the involvement of multiple brain layers, locations and connections, in learning and performing process. It is sustained that “learning and performing are systemic issues” and proposed that “a successful learning and performance is directly proportional to the sum of created appropriate personal ties – created personal functional connectomes - in the entirety of the central nervous system” and the “strength or weakness of a learned material is directly proportional to the quantity, quality and intensity of the ties made within the entire Central Nervous System Network”. In other terms; the more brain parts are involved the better is learned and performed. And, it has been outlined that “the same fact is the explanation of why in different subjects, the memory storages are relatively in different localities, and in vague concentrations.”

Progressive nonfluent aphasia is a slowly progressive degenerative disease characterized by atrophy in left hemisphere particularly frontotemporal. It is one of three subtypes of frontotemporal lobar degeneration (frontotemporal dementia). Unlike Alzheimer’s disease it begins between 45-65 years of age and occurs equally in both sexes usually. The reported youngest case was 21 years old. Atrophy is seen in the left hemisphere more in temporal lobe on magnetic resonance imaging. Approximately half of the cases have family history. In early it might confuse with depression and therefore diagnosis may be delayed. Brain magnetic resonance imaging is important for verification of diagnosis. In this paper, a case who early onset progressive nonfluent aphasia was mentioned.

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Objective: Substance use disorders (SUD) are chronic, relapsing disorders in which compulsive behaviors persist despite severe negative consequences. SUD is frequent among patients with ADHD and ADHD is frequent among patients with SUD. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of ADHD among patients with substance abuse/dependence according to DSM-IV TR retrospectively, and to demonstrate whether the diagnosis of ADHD is associated with sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of these patients. Method:We analyzed the medical records of 485 patients. All participants were diagnosed as having alcohol or substance abuse/dependence.Socio-demographic and data regarding clinical characteristics were derived from patient records. Results: Of the included 395 participants, 37 (9.4%) were female and 358 (90.6%) were male. The mean age was 31.53±10.44 years. Comorbid ADHD was diagnosed among 82 (20.8%) of all participants. The mean age in ADHD group was significantly lower than that of the group without ADHD (27.10± [7.87] versus 32.69± [10.73], p<0.05).Also, rate of remission was significantly lower in the group without ADHD (%48.8 vs. %33.2, p<0.05). Cannabis and derivatives abuse/dependence were found to be higher in the group with ADHD, whereas alcohol or multidrug abuse/dependence were higher in the group without ADHD comorbidity (p<0.05). Conclusion: In conclusion, we found that in the majority of the participants with ADHD had their diagnosis after the substance use problems had developed. This finding suggests that ADHD can be underdiagnosed in adults and we should be aware of this diagnosis.

Studies to explain neurotic personality organization is no more. Studies emphasize the early family relationships are important in formation of this structure. Our study aims to assess personality traits and family relations of individuals with neurotic personality organization. 31 patients assessed in neurotic personality organization according to SCID-I and SCID-II followed by social psychiatry unit (Structured Clinical Interview for DSM Disorders), 31 control groups not taking diagnostic in the same tests were included in study. Socio-demographic data form was filled by interviewer, Beck Depression Inventory, MMPI (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Family Assessment Scale, Sheehan Disability Scale by the participants. Control group was created from, of volunteers, subjects not taking any psychiatric diagnosis. Compared to neurotic patient group with control group; Shehan Disability Scale for Beck Depression Inventory scores; Family Assessment Scale for social life and family environment, business subscale and household responsibilities, for State-Trait Anxiety Inventory; hypochondria, depression, hysteria, and social introversion subscales for problem solving and behavior control subscale scores between groups and Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. Neurotic group was taking significantly diagnosis compared to control group for depressive disorder, anxiety disorders and avoidant personality disorder. Considered that avoidant personality structuring of neurotic individuals are at the forefront, the secondary anxiety and depressive symptoms progress. Said all these processes impair domestic problem-solving, behavior control skills of these individuals. Supports this process that the average score of neurotic patients are higher than control group for hypochondria, depression, hysteria, and social introversion subscales as results of MMPI.

Developmental dyscalculia is a specific learning difficulty which reflects deficits in arithmetical skills. The cause behind this disorder is not known. Recent studies provide evidence in favor of believing that the disorder is somehow tied with specific brain regions’ roles. These regions include the intraparietal sulcus (IPS), the angular gyrus (ANG) and the supramarginal gyrus (SMG) in developmental dyscalculia. The present study investigates the role of these regions in adults with developmental dyscalculia. Brain images were collected from 10 participants with developmental dyscalculia and 10 control participants using fMRI while conducting number comparison, multiplication and subtraction tasks. The results revealed the activation of the intraparietal sulcus during number comparison and the activation of both the angular gyrus, the supramarginal gyrus, and the intraparietal sulcus during calculation tasks. These results suggest that the IPS activation was not less than the developmental dyscalculia group than in the control group when conducting the number comparison task; and that there were activation in the ANG, SMG and IPS regions of the brain in participants’ brains during both the multiplication and subtraction tasks.

The gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptors (GABAA Rs), belonging to the superfamily of Cys-loop receptors, responsible for the inhibitory transmission in the vertebrate central nervous system. Assembled from a pool of 19 subunits, the subunit composition of heteropentameric GABA-A Rs impacts on receptor’s function, physiology, cellular and subcellular localization in the cell membrane, i.e., synaptic or extrasynaptic. γ2 containing GABA-A Rs (γ2-GABA-A Rs) are clustered in the synapses and mediate classical fast synaptic inhibition called phasic inhibition. δ subunit containing GABA-A Rs (δ-GABA-A Rs) are located extrasynaptically and mediate a different form of inhibition called tonic inhibition critical for the threshold of action potential generation and neuronal excitability. Thus, distinct physiological roles of synaptic and extrasynaptic GABA-A R subtypes lead to the question to ask about the possibility of subtype selective drugs. In the light of accumulating data from X-ray crystal structures of vertabrate, invertabrate and prokaryotic Cys-loop receptor family members, new opportunities arise for the development of novel drugs targeting specificaly these subtypes of GABA-A Rs for the treatment of various neuropathological conditions.

Conventional obsessive-compulsive disorder related brain network model relies mainly on cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical areas. However, recent findings consistently point cerebellar structural and functional differences in obsessive-compulsive disorder patients compared to healthy controls. Here we briefly reviewed these studies and argued that cerebellum should be involved in obsessivecompulsive disorder related brain network model for a better understanding of the nature of this disorder.

In this report, we present a 51 year old postmenopausal woman with clinical presentation of “delusional disorder-somatic type” and also facial hirsutism and subclinical hypothyroidism. Blood tests revealed thyroid gland dysfunction with high TSH and anti-TPO levels but other blood tests and radiological investments were found to be normal. The relationship between thyroid dysfunction, hirsutism and psychosis is discussed in the context of this particular case. In presence of limited case reports in literature indicating a relationship with subclinical hypothyroidism and psychotic symptoms, we think that our case is important for reminding clinicians to consider endocrine disorders providing a basis for psychiatric disorders and to investigate thyroid function deficiency not only in patients with depression but with other psychiatric presentations like psychosis.